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one hundred years ago one visionary set

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forth upon a scientific journey of the

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mind so profound that it forever changed

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the way we live our lives and view the

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universe

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practicing physics on the sly and with

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very little personal interaction with

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the scientific establishment at the time

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this unknown patent clerk in Bern

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Switzerland named Albert Einstein wrote

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five seminal papers in 1905 that

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encompassed the whole of the universe

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from the workings of the atom and out

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through space and time during the course

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of that one year

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the brash 26 year old Einstein helped

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clinch the then controversial case for

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the existence of atoms he proposed that

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light is made of particles of energy and

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he began to turn the tables on Isaac

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Newton's laws of motion laws revered for

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more than 200 years

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he said that space and time were

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relative depending on one's frame of

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reference traveling at light speed time

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slows down so that one second were

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linger for an eternity he also realized

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that matter and energy are

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interchangeable e equals MC squared

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Einstein's theories at the stage for the

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technological revolution that defined

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the 20th century

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lasers electronic sensors nuclear fusion

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all point back to one man and one

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miraculous year

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Einstein had a way of working but it was

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really his stubbornness that made him

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stand out he didn't take for granted

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what other people were saying he

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realized that gravity was different from

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all the other forces of nature general

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relativity says that gravity is not a

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Einstein's theories on gravity space and

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time led to startling outcomes that in

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some cases Einstein himself could not

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believe the universe is expanding and is

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not static as was thought at the time we

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now believe this expansion is caused by

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a big bang his equations also revealed

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that regions we now call black holes can

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cause space to buckle and bring time to

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recent technology has propelled an

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explosion of new findings raising new

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questions that Einstein's theories do

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not address what powered the Big Bang

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what happens at the edge of a black hole

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and what is the mysterious dark energy

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that is now accelerating the expansion

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of the universe

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we've been at such crossroads before the

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scientific revolutions spawned by Isaac

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Newton and Albert Einstein were a result

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of the growing inadequacy of established

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theories of their times we're sort of at

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that stage again we are despite our

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vastly more sophisticated understanding

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now in 1905 we now have results

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primarily obtained from Astrophysical

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observations which was simply not

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accommodated in our theories this is

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where NASA's beyond Einsteins program

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begins scientists have set a course a

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well coordinated mix of facility class

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spacecraft probes and Pathfinder

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missions each with powerful new

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technology to explore the extremes of

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nature the Big Bang black holes and dark

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energy for it is here that the current

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theories begin to crack and answers are

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revealed to really understand the laws

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of nature we have to go to these extreme

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environments and study them to give a

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hint of the true fundamental laws of

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nature people are talking about doing

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precision cosmology for the first time

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because it used to be cosmology well we

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have a rough idea how big the universe

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is maybe to a factor of two or three but

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now with these new measurements we're

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really getting a handle on the overall

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density and structure of the universe

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and what they're telling us is not what

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well the biggest mystery today in all of

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science is dark energy why is the

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universe speeding up

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it's a fantastic puzzle and were quite

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confident that when we figure it out

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it's going to give us answers about

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other important puzzles as well since

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1998 something totally unexpected

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happened which is we discovered that not

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only our universe is expanding this

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expansion is accelerating you know this

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is a classical who ordered that type

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situation in 70% or so is dark energy in

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the universe you know about 70% of the

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surface of the earth is covered with

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water

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was this is the situation wearing a

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mysterious force propelling the universe

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ironically Einstein proposed such a

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force to counter the inward pull of

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gravity and to keep the universe static

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which was the belief a hundred years ago

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he called this the cosmological constant

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a vacuum energy of empty space when

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Edwin Hubble discovered the expansion of

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the universe in the 1920s Einstein

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called the cosmological constant his

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greatest mistake but the mysterious dark

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energy we see today may well be a

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manifestation of this cosmological

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constant Einstein was perhaps right

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after all richard fineman and others who

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developed quantum theory realized that

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empty space was full of temporary or

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virtual particles continually forming

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and destroying themselves physicists

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began to suspect that the vacuum of

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space ought to have a repulsive form of

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energy generated for these virtual

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particles but they could not dictate its

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magnitude we still do not know whether

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the highly accelerated expansion in the

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early universe called inflation and the

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current accelerated expansion due to

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dark energy are related a space-based

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mission called the dark energy probe to

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be jointly implemented by NASA and the

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Department of Energy is being planned to

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measure the expansion accurately enough

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to learn whether this energy is

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constant property of empty space as

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Einstein conjectured or whether it shows

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signs of the richer structure that is

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predicted in modern unification theories

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this mission will be a major step in

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tackling the mystery of dark energy for

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the first time we actually have an

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inventory of the universe but if you

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look at the accounting 95% of the stuff

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is in forms yet to be fully understood

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and so we know a lot but we understand

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much less and among the 5% that

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scientists call ordinary matter lie yet